Kant: The Universal Law Formation Of The Categorical Imperative :: essays research papers

Kant: the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative Kantian way of thinking diagrams the Universal Law Formation of the Absolute Imperative as a technique for deciding ethical quality of activities. This recipe is a two section test. Initial, one makes a saying and thinks about whether the proverb could be an all inclusive law for every single judicious being. Second, one decides regardless of whether judicious creatures would will it to be an all inclusive law. When it is clear that the proverb finishes the two prongs of the assessment, there are no special cases. As a paramedic confronted with a distressed widow who asks whether her late spouse endured in his inadvertent passing, you should choose which adage to make and in light of the test which activity to perform. The saying "when noting a widow's request regarding the nature and term of her late spouses demise, one ought to continuously come clean in regards to the idea of her late spouse's death" (M1) passes the two pieces of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative. Subsequently, as per Kant, M1 is an ethical activity. The underlying phase of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Basic necessitates that an adage be generally appropriate to all judicious creatures. M1 prevails with regards to passing the main stage. We can without much of a stretch envision a world in which paramedics consistently answer widows honestly when questioned. Hence, this adage is sensible and everybody can keep it without causing a legitimate inconceivability. The following consistent advance is to apply the second phase of the test. The subsequent prerequisite is that a sound being would will this saying to become an all inclusive law. In testing this part, you should choose whether in each case, a balanced being would accept that the ethically right activity is to tell reality. To start with, plainly the widow hopes to know reality. A falsehood would possibly serve to save her sentiments on the off chance that she trusted it to be reality. In this way, even individuals who might think about deceiving her, must yield that the right and expected activity is to come clean. By asking she has as of now chosen, positive or negative, that she should know reality. Imagine a scenario in which coming clean carries the widow to where she. ends it all, in any case? Is coming clean with her then an ethical activity in spite of the fact that its result is this horrible reaction? In the event that coming clean with the widow drives her to end it all, it appears as though no levelheaded being would will the proverb to turn into an all inclusive law. The self destruction is, in any case, a result of your beginning activity. The self destruction has no bearing, in any event for the Categorical Kant: The Universal Law Formation Of The Categorical Imperative :: articles explore papers Kant: the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative Kantian way of thinking plots the Universal Law Formation of the Straight out Imperative as a technique for deciding profound quality of activities. This equation is a two section test. Initial, one makes a saying and thinks about whether the saying could be a general law for every single sound being. Second, one decides regardless of whether normal creatures would will it to be an all inclusive law. When it is clear that the adage breezes through the two prongs of the assessment, there are no special cases. As a paramedic confronted with an upset widow who asks whether her late spouse endured in his inadvertent passing, you should choose which proverb to make and in light of the test which activity to perform. The saying "when noting a widow's request regarding the nature and term of her late spouses passing, one ought to continuously come clean with respect to the idea of her late spouse's death" (M1) passes the two pieces of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative. Thusly, as indicated by Kant, M1 is an ethical activity. The underlying phase of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Basic necessitates that a saying be all around relevant to all normal creatures. M1 prevails with regards to passing the main stage. We can undoubtedly envision a world in which paramedics consistently answer widows honestly when questioned. Thusly, this saying is consistent and everybody can comply with it without causing a coherent difficulty. The following intelligent advance is to apply the second phase of the test. The subsequent necessity is that a sound being would will this saying to become a widespread law. In testing this part, you should choose whether in each case, a judicious being would accept that the ethically right activity is to tell reality. To start with, plainly the widow hopes to know reality. A falsehood would possibly serve to save her sentiments on the off chance that she trusted it to be reality. Accordingly, even individuals who might think about deceiving her, must yield that the right and expected activity is to come clean. By asking she has as of now chosen, positive or negative, that she should know reality. Consider the possibility that coming clean carries the widow to where she. ends it all, be that as it may? Is coming clean with her then an ethical activity in spite of the fact that its result is this horrible reaction? On the off chance that coming clean with the widow drives her to end it all, it appears as though no balanced being would will the saying to turn into a widespread law. The self destruction is, in any case, a result of your introductory activity. The self destruction has no bearing, at any rate for the Categorical

Substance Induced Psychosis An Issue In Current Major - 825 Words

Substance Induced Psychosis: An Issue In Current Major (Essay Sample) Content: Substance-induced Psychosis Students NameInstitutional AffiliationSubstance-induced PsychosisSubstance-induced psychosis, also referred to as toxic psychosis, is a type of disorder that causes addiction from use or abuse of substances. The addiction occurs because of the toxic effects of foreign chemicals and drugs or any natural chemicals produced by the body. Psychosis manifests as confusion and haptic or visual hallucination (Pitts et al., 1982). During psychosis manifestation, a person loses the mental ability to distinguish reality, communicate, and interact with other people. Due to mental impairment, people with psychosis lose the capacity to go about their day-to-day business and cope with lifes demands. Unlike other types of psychosis, substance-induced psychosis can be traced back to a particular substance.Substance Inducing Psychosis Many types of elements may be addictive and can cause psychosis; these substances can be both legal and illegal. Accordin g to the American Addiction Center, the most popular substance that causes psychosis is the abuse of hallucinogenic drugs and prescription medication. In extreme situations, people who are sensitive to medication may suffer from psychosis as side effects of prescription medication even when following the right dosage of the drugs. Drugs whose addiction, abuse, and/or withdrawal may cause psychosis include:Alcohol. This is one of the most commonly abused and addictive substance in the world. Alcohol may lead to acute inebriation, chronic alcoholism, and may increase the effects of other disorders and thus cause psychotic episodes,Cannabis. Studies indicate that marijuana can lead to full-blown psychosis. Recent research found that use or abuse of cannabis could increase the risk of developing psychosis episodes to the users (Moore et al., 2007), andSedatives such as Benzodiazepines. Malcolm Lader, Institute of Psychiatry in London, estimated the chances of an adverse reaction of seda tives to be at about 5 percent, even to the short-term use of the drugs. Most affected Age GroupsIt is approximated that at least one-third of the people with psychotic disorder go through their first episode before the end of their teenagehood at 19 years. As part of growing up, during teenagehood, a period between13 to 19 years, many people experience a burst of emotion thus separating from their friends and families. Lack of emotional support and the overwhelming need to experience new concepts pushes teenagers to begin experimenting with different substances such as cannabis, alcohol, and other illegal drugs. As indicated earlier, most of these drugs present a significant risk factor in the growth of psychotic disorder. Reasons for Addiction and Substance Abuse. Multiple reasons may lead to substance abuse and addiction among the adolescents. According to the National Drug Abuse, adolescents may seek to experiment on substances and/or continue taking them due to various reasons as discussed herein: Fitting In. Many teens start abusing substances because other people in their age bracket are also doing. Consequently, they are lured into engaging in such activities. They feel that they too should participate to be accepted and be included in the social circle. Feeling Good. Abuse of drugs and other substances may interact with the neurochemistry of a persons brain and produce an unrealistic feeling of pleasure and peace. The concentration of this euphoria depends on the type of substance and how it is used. For example, the abuse of heroin slows down the brains ability to communicate with the body thus making the user feel drowsy, content, and relaxed. Feeling Better. Many teenagers go through a difficult time because of school bullying and domestic violence. They can develop stress-related disorders, anxiety, and suffer from severe depression. Using drugs and other substances is their way of coping with the feeling. Diagnosis and TreatmentSigns of Substance Addiction and PsychosisSubstance abuse may not lead to addiction, but it may increase the chances of suffering from withdrawals. The intensity of any withdrawal process depends on how long and how much a person has been abusing any substance. Physical addiction is often characterized by the development of withdrawal signs after an individual has stopped using the substance in question. The most common substance that triggers psychosis when dealing with withdrawals is alcohol. Intense alcohol addiction can immensely change the structure and the chemistry of the brain thus producing delirium tremens when a person stops consuming alcohol. Symptoms of delirium tremens include body tremors, agitation, irritability, confusion, change in mental operation, and the dec...

Globalization Is The Increasing Inter Connectedness Of...

1. Globalization is defined in the book as the increasing inter-connectedness of people and places through converging economic, political, and cultural activities. Cultures and countries are now linked much more than they used to be in the past as technology continues to grow. It s becoming cheaper and easier to set up technology in lesser developed countries as well as that it continues to grow in more developed countries. Fast food restaurants are now changing and transferring to other countries and changing the menu to the culture of that country in an attempt to make more money. These restaurants from America transferring to other countries are causing diets to become unhealthy much as they have in America. Most American s don t go a week without eating at some fast food restaurant. Western consumerist culture has also transferred. America is absolutely infatuated with spending to get what they think they need when in actuality they don t. Most scholars believe that economic orga nization is a large part of globalization. It includes global communications that link all people. It also includes better transportation systems, transnational business strategies, and promotion of free trade. There are many positives to globalization. One of which is more money being put into lesser developed countries. This is a plus because this causes people in those countries to be able to succeed and support themselves. Also governments of different countries can better work togetherShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral SocietiesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSuccessful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ StimulatingRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesilluminate practice and to provide ways of improving it. Although always appealing to his economic understandings, he has been open to a wide variety of other ideas, recognizing their intellectual strengths and capabilities rather than making artificial distinctions between what is acceptable and what is not. He also has contributed widely to the accounting literature, taking forward the British tradition of economic theorizing in financial accounting as well as being a constant source of creative thinking

Analyzing The Argument Kids Vs. Phones - 956 Words

Analyzing the Argument: Kids vs. Phones Distracted parenting is the newest hazard caused by the normalization of cell phone usage in our everyday life according to Deborah Fallows in her article â€Å"Papa, Don’t Text: The Perils of Distracted Parenting† originally published in The Atlantic. The article directed at parents in the technological age. She claims that parents are spending more time focusing on their phones and less time talking with their babies. This situation can potentially cause long-term problems for their children’s linguistic skills. Fallows herself has a Ph.D. in linguistics from Harvard. In her article, she also includes research from two other reputable sources to further validate her claim. Fallows delivers her argument in a short article with appeals to logos, pathos, and ethos, but her article lacks any real opinions put forth by the author, which weakens the impact of the piece. Fallows begins her article by recounting a walk she took w ith her grandson, immediately making herself both relatable and personally involved in the subject matter. She explains how she noticed all of the other parents using their phones rather than interacting with their babies. Due to the fact that Fallows is a linguist, she began to wonder about the impact that interacting with your phone rather than your child has on their speech development. Once she began to research the subject she found a study published in the Pediatrics journal and two studies published in theShow MoreRelatedHow Does Divorce Create Long Term Negative Effects For Children? Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pagesresearch. What inspired me to critically analyze the article â€Å"Does Divorce Create Long-Term Negative Effects for Children?† is the challenge it would be for me to put my bias aside considering I am from a divorced home. 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Definition Of Small And Medium Sized Entities Accounting Essay Example For Students

Definition Of Small And Medium Sized Entities Accounting Essay International Financial Reporting Standards are a set of international accounting criterions established by International Accounting Standards Board that served as a model for companies and administrations to follow in fixing the fiscal statements. IFRS is a rule based attack and is developed to replace the old accounting criterions known as International Accounting Standards ( IAS ) . Since the debut of the first IFRS in the twelvemonth 2003, it has been used in legion states all over the universe such as India, Australia, Malaysia and all listed states under European Union. Outline1 Why is it a demand to hold IFRS2 The introducer and the regulative organic structure of this IFRS3 IFRS for little and moderate-sized entities ( SMEs )4 Definition of Small and Medium-sized Entities ( SMEs )5 Why is it a demand to present specific criterions for SMEs6 The advantages7 The disadvantages8 Introduction The definition of SMEs in Malaysia9 Sector10 Size11 Primary12 agribusiness13 Manufacturing14 ( including agro-based )15 And manufacturing-related services16 Servicess sectors17 ( including information and communicating engineering )18 Micro19 Small20 Medium21 Sector22 Size23 Primary24 agribusiness25 Manufacturing26 ( including agro-based )27 And manufacturing-related services28 Servicess sectors29 ( including information and communicating engineering )30 Micro31 Small32 Medium33 SMEs History Why is it a demand to hold IFRS Presents, concerns are germinating quickly and there is a demand to hold a set of criterions in fixing the fiscal statements that are globally accepted as a agency of comparings. This is due to the fact that investors will ever seek to look for better investings elsewhere. International fiscal coverage criterions are developed by the IASB at first to standardize and to harmonize the accounting interventions of fiscal statements. This is because, in the old ages back ; most states have their ain sets of national criterions that governs the manner they prepare their histories. The divergency of interventions has serious impacts on investings on the states concerned as investors can non do opinion to whether the investing to be made is advisable or non. This job is ensuing from deficiency of understandibility of the fiscal studies prepared by the preparer. This job can be minimised or eliminated with the aid of IFRS as comparing can be made possible as histories prepared by companies all around the universe can be comparable as they were prepared the same manner the other companies does and hence taking any confusions in understanding the studies. The introducer and the regulative organic structure of this IFRS The International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) are developed by an independent not-for-profit administration called International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) that consisted of 15 full-time members from different backgrounds from all parts of the universe. The members are chosen based on their expertness and experience in the standard-setting, fixing and utilizing histories and academic work ( Wikipedia: IASB ) . Among the states that have got their representatives in the board are the United Kingdom, Japan and South Africa. The procedure of puting up the criterions are being done in the most crystalline procedure as possible where populace are given the opportunity to notice on the exposure bill of exchange prepared by the Board every bit good as any of their treatment documents. This standard-setting organic structure is besides responsible for the publicity of the pattern and application of the criterions. As clip goes by, the fiscal coverage criterions need to be reviewed on a timely-basis to guarantee that they are relevant and appropriate to the current fiscal state of affairs in any given point of clip. It is the duty of the IFRS Interpretation Committee ( IFRICs ) , a commission set-up by the IASB to be attentive to any accounting issues arose, either the fiscal coverage issues is a new, non discussed within IFRS or fiscal coverage issues that has been interpreted in a dissension of practicians or in the non-appearance of important supervising. Interpretations made by the commission are made through a transparent due procedure the same manner as the criterions are being made. Any readings does by the commission is capable to the blessing of IASB IFRS for little and moderate-sized entities ( SMEs ) Definition of Small and Medium-sized Entities ( SMEs ) There is no official definition for SMEs as the definition is different in every state. It may be based on anything such as the Numberss of employee, the size of capital employed and one-year turnover. However, it is understood that SMEs are entities that has got no public answerability although they do print their fiscal statements for the usage of the external users. The fiscal statements published are simply for general intents. Why is it a demand to present specific criterions for SMEs The IFRS for little and moderate-sized entities ( SMEs ) had been introduced in July 2009 by IASB as an attempt to ease the load of this group of companies that made up approximately 95 % of the entire companies in the universe, in following with the complete version of IFRS that is more suited to the public listed companies. There are few grounds why IFRS for SMEs is desirable to the little and moderate-sized entities. The ultimate desirable ground for using the criterions is that the IFRS for SMEs is designed to be more relevant and appropriate to the nature of minutess of the entity. On top of that, the IFRS for SMEs is less complex as compared to the full version of IFRS. There are little alterations made to the full IFRS in deducing to the IFRS for SMEs. The alterations include skip of irrelevant criterions, riddance of certain accounting policy options, and simplification of many of the acknowledgments and measurement rules every bit good as significant decrease of needed revelations. Hate Crimes EssayE‚ 5 employees E‚ 5 employees Small Between 5 19 employees Between 5 50 employees Between 5 19 employees Medium Between 20 50 employees Between 51 50 employees Between 20 50 employees The one-year gross revenues turnover. ( Beginning: MCA Innovation Resource Centre ) Sector Size Primary agribusiness Manufacturing ( including agro-based ) And manufacturing-related services Servicess sectors ( including information and communicating engineering ) Micro Less than RM200,000 Less than RM250,000 Less than RM200,000 Small Between RM200,000 RM1 million Between RM250,000 RM10 million Between RM200,000 RM1 million Medium Between RM1 million RM5 million Between RM10 million RM25 million Between RM1 million RM5 million SMEs History In the recent old ages, SMEs have been given extra attending by the authorities of Malaysia as this group of companies make up approximately 99 % of entire concerns established in the state and make supply about 56 % of the entire employability. These immense influence brought by the entity could be said as one of the deciding factors for the economic growing of Malaysia as it is the anchor of Malaysia economic system. Malaysia authorities attempts to increase its gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) contributed by this sector from 36 % to 56 % by remodelling its economic system through the New Economic Model ( NEM ) under the Government Transformation Programme ( GTP ) and Economic Transformation Programme ( ETP ) so as to alter its rubric from medium-income state to high-income state by the twelvemonth 2020. Aidss have been put in topographic point wherever possible by the authorities to assist the industry through tonss of authorities ministries and bureaus like Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation ( MATRADE ) , Standards A ; Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia ( SIRIM ) and SME bank to help the development of SMEs in Malaysia. Malaysia has announced its program to follow IFRS for SMEs existent shortly. The criterion is expected to be issued during the first half of the twelvemonth 2013 and to the full effectual for one-year periods get downing on or after 1 January 2016. Following the proclamation, a new roadmap for private entities fiscal coverage model has been developed by the Malaysia Accounting Standards Board ( MASB ) . The new model is important for the passage of SMEs fiscal coverage criterions to the MASB s Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium-sized Entities ( FRS for SMEs ) as the roadmap does supply suggestions as to what MASB and other stakeholders could make to help any entities affected during the clip of migration from the current Private Entity Reporting Standards ( PERS ) to the FRS for SMEs. This FRS for SMEs is said to be indistinguishable to the IFRS for SMEs designed by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) apart from little alterations made to reflect Ma laysian local jurisprudence. Prior to this, in the twelvemonth 2006, Malaysia Accounting Standards Board ( MASB ) had introduced the two-tier fiscal coverage model where Private Entity Reporting Standards ( PERS ) were created with the purpose to ease the load of private entities in following with fiscal coverage model. However, private entities are given the options non to use PERS and alternatively using the Malaysia Financial Reporting Standards ( MFRS or MFRS Framework ) that is compulsory to other entities except private entity if they believed the MFRS Framework are more suited and appropriate for their concerns. Subsequently, after reexamining the demands for better criterions to reflect the current fiscal coverage state of affairs, MASB had issued three exposure bill of exchanges to replace the bing Private Entity Reporting Standards ( PERS ) . The three exposure bill of exchanges are: Exposure Draft 52 Private Entity Reporting Standards ( issued in June 2006 ) Exposure Draft 72 Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium-sized Entities ( issued in March 2010 ) Exposure Draft 74 Amendments to Financial Reporting Standards originating from Reduced Disclosure Requirements ( issued in December 2010 ) The Exposure Draft 52 and 74 were issued in the twelvemonth 2006 and 2010 by MASB with the purpose of choosing one of them to replace the Private Entity Reporting Standards ( PERS ) as there were increasing concerns that the criterions outlined in the model may be already outdated and non relevant to the current concern minutess. This is due to the fact that it was developed based on the 2003-version of International Accounting Standards ( IAS ) . Among the things that were non given much attending by the model is the Small and moderate-sized entities ( SMEs ) issues. In the twelvemonth 2010, a study was carried out by the Board to see which set of criterions is more applicable to private entities which favoured to the Exposure Draft 72 ( ED 72 ) . The concluding behind this consequence is likely due to the perceptual experience that international-oriented criterions are seem as more robust than national accounting criterions and ED 72 was respect to be similar with the International Financial Reporting Standards for little and moderate-sized entities ( IFRS for SMEs ) . However, ED 72 were non finalised by MASB as the board is cognizant that IASB plans to reexamine the IFRS for SMEs where execution issues are to be dealt with. MASB do non desire to continue with finalizing ED 72 as they may necessitate to alter their accounting policies once more after IASB issued a revised IFRS for SMEs. Subsequently, Exposure Draft 74 was issued. This issue was in conformity to the Reduced Disclosure Requirements Framework ( RDR ) made by Australia. The RDR allows entities with no public answerability to fix less complex fiscal statements by supplying them certain revelation freedoms. The ED 74 were non proceeded to be finalised by MASB as the RDR may be capable for a reappraisal by IASB, the same ground for non using ED 72. Relevance and Appropriateness to hold this specific criterions

Reflection Essay Example

Reflection Essay The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the contribution of reflective practice for clinical nursing. Reflection has been defined as a way for individuals to â€Å"capture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate† (Boud et al 1985: 19) Argyris and Schon (1974) suggest that practitioners often practice at less than effective levels because they follow routine. Johns (1995) implies that action can be taken through reflection to increase effectiveness in practice as reflection provides opportunities for self development as professionals and individuals (Hinchliff et al. 1993). Bishop and Scott (2001) believe Clinical nursing is fundamental to nursing practice, that it provides expertise that are used to bring high quality care to patient’s that is not likely to be provided by a lay person. During this assignment I will discuss Christopher Johns model of structured reflection and Donald Schon’s model of reflection on and in action and his coac hing theory and other methods that contribute to the reflecting process. I will identify how the models then relate to clinical practice and how nursing has changed. Carper (1978) Identified that as individuals have different ways of thinking and knowledge differentiates it is some times helpful to refer to a framework to assist reflection. Johns et al    (2002)    built on Carper’s theory and constructed a model for structured reflection. His model has a series of cue’s that are set out in a logical order which prompt progression of thought and reflecting to be explored. (Johns 2000) This model is used for analysis of critical incidents as well as more general experiences. Over a period of time Johns has continually tested the adequacy of his model and has developed it. Similar to Johns model is The reflective Cycle (Gibbs 1988). This model guides the practitioner through the cycle which encourages the practitioner to describe a situation, analyse their feelings, evaluate experiences, and consider other options and what they would do if the situation arose again. (Palmer et al 1994) Both Johns and Gibbs models are forms of guided reflection. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This form of reflection helps the reflector to go into more detail and pushes the practitioner to critically evaluate their practice. Bulman and Schutz (2004) acknowledge that critical analysis is a key skill in reflective practice as it allows practitioners to identify strengths as well as weaknesses. This type of reflection is beneficial for clinical nurses as it gives them structure ti their thinking and can guide them through a thoughtful process to achieve higher levels of reflection. Schon built a theory of reflection on and in action. Reflection in action is a process to help you influence what you are working on, while you are working on it. He also strongly believes that when in practice practitioners can learn from the experts around them through the artistry of coaching. Reflection on action is a retrospective process to help you reflect on things you have already done usually involving a critical incident, examining it to find new understanding of the incident and what can be done differently to improve practice. Although Schon considered reflection on action a useful tool for practitioners he concentrated on the theory of Reflection in action. Where education can combine teaching of applied science with coaching to equip professionals with the skills and knowledge within the realities of practice. (Schon 1987). Eraut (1994) criticizes Schons work, as Schon bases a large emphasis on Coaching from professionals. Eraut points out that not all professional practitioners make good coaches as while In action they are transferring expertise with no supporting evidence. Eraut goes on to suggest that that Schons reflection on action is less problematic and that one can extend their knowledge base more effectively by reflecting after an action has occurred. Johns model is more theory based and requires more questions to be self answered and evaluated, where as Schons model has a larger emphasis on learning from the environment and the experts around them through coaching. Nursing has changed over the years from a period where nurses were subordinate to physicians and they weren’t able to have an input of there own concerns. By law and custom nurses are subordinate to physicians. At the same time, it captures the nurse’s critical role in executing the physicians work. † (Melosh, B. 1982, p. 7) As time moved on The United Kingdom Central Council (UKCC) published the document The Scope of Professional practice. Scope allows nurses to undertake new roles and enables them to take on responsibilities beyond the traditional boundaries tha t no longer than 20 years ago, still existed. Clinical nurses now have a more pro active role that enables them to work autonomously giving them higher responsibility. UKCC 2000) (1992). Jowett et al (1999) found that the impact of scope on practitioners was considerable as they were now exploring the principals of scope and what effects this might have on their practice. Boud and Walker (1991) believe that people need to be able to learn from their experience in order to accept positions of responsibility. Seeing that nurses are taking on a more hands on approach, reflecting in clinical practice enables practitioners to increase self-awareness, initiative, proactivity and personal responsibility for learning and development. As Palmer et al (1994) points out, some times nurses have to make decisions in a patients best interest and may have to deviate from a protocol in some way. This is where Schons reflection in and on action would prove useful. This would show that practitioners are using evidence based clinical nursing to gain a higher standard of awareness of how to tend to the needs of the individual patient, empowering them to link their theory to practice through reflection. Bulman and Schutz (2004) believe to achieve a satisfactory out come from reflection, the skill of synthesis is highly significant. Synthesis enables clinical nurses, after reflection, to integrate new knowledge, feelings and attitudes with previous knowledge and to devise an action or outcome from their reflection. This may be an action plan, something that needs to change or stay the same. Synthesis involves making decisions based on new ideas but linking them to past beliefs and values. While reflection is perceived to play an important role in the development of effective clinical nursing, there is lack of evidence to prove that engaging in reflective practice actually changes or in any way benefits clinical nursing practice. Andrews et al. 1998) Improvement in clinical practice is clearly the aim of reflection, this is why authors such as Jordan (1988) and Boud et al (1985) have highlighted the need for evaluation strategies. Throughout this assignment it has been exposed that there are models available to guide practitioners through reflective practice. There has been an emphasis based on the need for criti cal analysis and the need for synthesis after reflection. Both of these are critical to reflective clinical practice to achieve satisfactory outcome. It has been brought to attention that Clinical practice has progressed over the years from a medically led, task orientated job, to an autonomous, reflective, proactive profession. The contribution of reflective practice has played a major part in this progression, as nurses are learning and building a wider knowledge base. Clinical nurses are there fore able to identify areas of strength and weakness within their practice through reflection and interventions can be made to ensure the highest levels of clinical nursing are being obtained. References Argyris, C. and Schon, D. (1974) Theory in Practice. Jossey Bass, San Francisco. Bishop, V and Scott, I (2001) Challenges in clinical practice: Professional developments in nursing. Palgrave. Basingstoke. Boud, D. , Keogh, R and Walker, D. (1985) Promoting reflection in learning: A model in reflection. Pg 19. Kogan Page. London. Boud, D. amp; Walker, D. (1991) Experience and Learning: Reflection at Work, Geelong, Victoria, Deakin University Book Production Unit. Bulman, C. and Schutz, S. (2004). Reflective practice in nursing. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford. Eraut, M. (1994) Developing professional knowledge and competence. Falmer Press. London. Hinchliff, S. M. , Norman, S. E. , Schober, J. E. (1993) Nursing practice and health care. 2nd Ed. Edward Arnold. London. Johns, C. (1995) Framing learning through reflection within Carper’s ways of knowing in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22: 226-34 Johns, C. (2000) Becoming a reflective practitioner. A reflective a nd holistic approach to clinical nursing, practice development and clinical supervision. Blackwell Science. Oxford. Johns, C. (2002) Guided Reflection: Advancing Practice. Blackwell Publishing. Oxford. Jowett, s. , Peters, M. and Wilson-Barnett, J. (1999) The impact of scope – practitioners views on its relevance and potential for service development. Nursing Times Research. 4 (6): 422-31 Melosh, B. (1983). The Physicians Hand Work culture and conflict in American nursing. Philadelphia, Temple University Press, Palmer, A. Burns, S and Bulman, C (1994) Reflective practice in nursing: the growth of the professional practitioner. Blackwell scientific publications. Oxford. Schon, D. A. (1987) Educating the reflective practitioner. Jossey Bass, San Francisco. UKCC. (1992) The United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing. The Scope of Professional practice UKCC. London NHS. Teaching Primary Care Trust. NMC http://www. brentpct. nhs. uk/doxpixandgragix/NP03SCOPEOFPROFESSIONALNUR. pdf. Accessed 04/12/2007 UKCC. (2000) Nursing And Midwifery Council: Perceptions of the scope of Professional practice. http://www. nmc-uk. org/(xsnqskjdq2e5yg55qwq12555)/aFrameDisplay. aspx? DocumentID=659. Accessed 04/12/2007

Merkel or Woman in Politics Essay Sample

Merkel or Woman in Politics Essay Sample Woman in Politics Essay Sample Woman in Politics Essay Sample The greatest German Chancellor was born on 17 of July, 1954 in Hamburg, Germany. She was the oldest child of Kasners family children. The girl was given a name Angela Dorothea. Later on, she was joined with her brother, Marcus, and sister, Irene. Angela Merkels Life and Career Angela was raised in the provincial town of Templin that is located near to Germany’s capital, the city of Berlin. Her father was a Lutheran pastor and shared the communist ideology that dominated at that time in German Democratic Republic. Naturally, as a Lutheran pastor he enjoyed the freedoms and rights that were denied to the representatives of other confessions, even the Christianity-oriented ones. Living in GDR meant that one should have necessarily belonged to the socialist-led movements. The future European leader joined one of them, namely Free German Youth movement. For the first time her leadership skills and ambitions were realized through this organization, as she became a representative of the district board. She also actively participated in the Agitprop, the campaign aimed at promotion of youth movements. Despite little success in leadership abilities, Angela did not chose politics as her major. Instead, after finishing her studies in Templin, she entered the University of Leipzig and started to master her knowledge in physics. In 1978 she graduated and earned her doctorate. The next step in her career led to the employment at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin where she spent 2 years researching various physic-related concepts. Angela was married twice. Her first attempt was made to Ulrich Merkel, the physician, in 1977. However, it ended up with divorce five years after. In 1998 Merkel remarried to Joachim Sauer who is a professor in chemistry. The central mystery of Merkels life is her decision to enter the world of politics. She rarely refers to those vulnerable times when the Wall felt and the new opportunities opened. Perhaps, a few reasons, both external and internal forced this woman to make a decision that led to such a turning point in her life. Reflecting on the facts provided in her biography list, Packer (2014) considers that once Merkel had founded herself a single woman in her thirties employed at the East German institution with no future, she realized that for woman with her ambitions the world of politics is a new challenge. She must have realized that the politics would be the key realm in the recently united German Republic. With the reunification of Germany a lot of doors, indeed, had opened. A lot of governmental positions were offered to the representatives coming from East Germany. Merkel joined the newly formed Democratic Party. During the first democratic elections, held in East Germany, voters chose Merkel for a position of deputy spokesman for the new government. Shortly after the reunification the party, which Merkel belonged to merged with the Christian Democratic Union Party. During the first post-unification democratic elections held in the entire Germany Merkel was elected to Bundestag. A few months later Merkel was appointed as the Minister for Woman and Youth. From 1998 she occupied the position of the Minister of Environment and Reactor Safety. In 1998 Merkel became a Secretary General at CDU party. Finally, after a series of financial scandals within the party she was elected as a chair of CDU party and came to the position in 2000. Merkel has brought a range of meaningful changes to the party. First of all, she was an Ossi, e.g. coming from the East Germany. Secondly, she was a woman, a scientist with strong Lutheran views on religion. The party she was going to lead mainly consisted of conservative men with deep roots in Catholicism supported primarily by the constituencies in the southern Germany. Such a contrast helped Merkel to won the hearts of the German voters as she was considered as the main candidate for the CDU and Bavarian Christian Social Union during the general elections held in 2002. However, these elections seemed to be less favorable for Merkel than it was expected to be. She lost mainly due to the lack of support of her own party. Another party leader Eldmund Stoier undermined her positions having won the candidacy for CDU ticker, though he did not manage to won the Chancellorship. Despite the misfortunes, Merkel shortly after became a leader in the lower chamber of Bundestag. She headed the conservative opposition to the ruling government and promoted a few economic changes that were crucial for the future of German economic well-being. Among others, she advocated the deregulation policies, which could let the market laws regulate the economy. Despite strong public opposition she supported the U.S. government in invading Iraq and insisted on the necessity of building strong diplomatic and economic relationships with the American government. However, even though Merkel often shared the views that somehow contradicted to the ones of her co-citizens, the support of her never grew weaker. It eventually resulted in electing her as a Germanys first female Chancellor. She also managed to head the Grand Coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, CDU and CSU while emphasizing on the strategic importance of building strong ties with the USA, redesigning of the healthcare system in the Germany as well as on revising its taxation policies. Currently, there are no threats detected in Merkels political future. Recently, she has been re-elected as a leader of the CDU party. Nearly 97% of the voters chose her to head the party. In accordance with the political experts, there are few or none who is sufficient enough to fill Merkels shoes. The debates are now held around the question of will Merkel run again in 2017. In case she does, she will break the political record of Kohl who has led German government for 16 years. At the same time, some experts suppose that such a Merkel-addiction of CDU might have negative consequences in the future when Merkel will decide to withdraw. Merkels powerful position, though, is strongly supported by the image of the country she is in charge of. It seems that once a politician manages to keep things in order, in his or her own state, then he or she might be potentially ale to ensure peace and well-being over the entire European continent. The sky, however, has not always been as cloudless as it is now for Merkel. The challenges that Merkel had to face while climbing political mountains were of diverse character: First of all, she came from the depressing region of East Germany, which, as seemed, had no future on the contrary to the developing West Germany. In comparison with the Western politicians she was usually underscored because of her origin. Secondly, she was a woman. Even in the progressive Germany and Western Europe women had not been perceived seriously. Thirdly, despite her leadership initiatives in the youth movements Merkel had little experience in the world of politics. She was a scientist, a true one. And the latter trait, perhaps, determined her future significantly. The experts as well as observers of Merkel’s career stress that she possesses strong analytical abilities. She often views the same problem from different paradigms and perspectives. Additionally, she is extremely curious about the things surrounding her. Perhaps, such features have transformed and contributed to the success she experiences now. Reflecting on challenges that Merkel faces one should mention her role of the European leader. It is not a secret that for years she advocates the idea of creation of political union within the territory of Europe with strong economic ties in order to ensure peace, stability, development and prosperity of the nations living here. However, currently the European integrity is at the stage of stagnation due to the financial crises and overall economic problems existing within the Euro zone. Merkel, as an unofficial political leader of the united Europe is currently considering the ways out from the situation that currently prevails in Europe. Additionally, she has to ensure the united position of the EU in the Ukrainian question, which remains to be rather challenging, uncertain and hard to resolve. The unity in this regard is often undermined by the efforts of national governments, for example, the Hungarian one which acts in the contradiction with the European position as to the conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Merkel is often viewed as woman with strong emotion. Indeed, she passes political decisions waiving all the emotions she has and solely with the reason switched on. Packer (2014) emphasizes that she treats politics as scientist. When she has an opinion it seems to be found and non-revisable. Every issue is approached methodically, with drawing comparisons, risk weighting, reactions anticipation etc. Even when the decision is passed Merkel sits for a while before taking action.